For most replacements you don't. But there are four situations where planning is required — and one where it can't be avoided.
For most homes in England, replacement windows and doors fall under Permitted Development Rights (PDR). No planning permission is needed provided the replacements are 'of similar appearance' to the originals. Your installer handles Building Regs compliance via FENSA or Certass. Nothing more is needed.
In conservation areas, PDR is often restricted. Replacement windows must usually match the originals in material, style, opening pattern and, sometimes, glazing bar arrangement. Many councils accept uPVC replacements provided the appearance is sympathetic; others insist on timber. Check your council's Article 4 direction (if any) before ordering.
Listed buildings always require Listed Building Consent for window replacement, regardless of what's already there. Applications are assessed by conservation officers and often require timber sash windows with slim double glazing (14mm units) to be acceptable. Never replace a listed building's windows before consent is granted.
Flats do not benefit from PDR — every external alteration technically requires either planning permission or landlord consent (or both, if leasehold). In practice, most councils allow like-for-like replacements without a full application, but check with the freeholder and council before committing.
Creating a new window opening, enlarging an existing one, or converting a window into a door usually requires planning permission — especially on side and front elevations. Rear-elevation changes often fall under PDR. Ask a local architect for a quick assessment before enquiring on cost.
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